Clostridium Difficile (C.diff)

Clostridium Difficle is a nosocomial infection acquired mostly in hospitals. In 2005 it was consider the most precarious infection to bombard North American in a decade. Armed with knowledge about the infection, transmission, environmental factors, alternative treatments, prevention and ways to control C. diff healthcare workers can better be prepared to help fight the spread of this deadly infection. A C. Diff, its transmission and environmental factors C. diff is a gram –positive, anaerobic, spore forming bacteria. It colonizes the intestinal tract of those infected after normal intestinal flora has been disrupted by antibiotic therapy. Diagnosis of C. diff is based on clinical symptoms supported by endoscopic finding or stool testing for the presence of the pathogens or toxins. Patients that has taken antibiotics within the past 3 months or a patient that has diarrhea 72 hours after hospitalization should be tested. ELISA is the test used to diagnosis C. diff. It checks for the toxin A or B or both. C. diff incubation period is 1 to 2 weeks. Asymptomatic carriage can range from severe diarrhea, pseudo membranous colitis, toxic mega colon, intestinal perforation, and death from secondary sepsis. C. diff toxin founded in stool ranges from 1% to 2% in normal population to 10% in hospital inpatients and up to 85% to 90% in patients with proven AAPMC. Some risk factors for C. diff includes being over the age of 65, patients who are immunocompromised, gastrointestinal surgery and procedures, gastrointestinal stimulants, antiperistaltic drugs and proton pump inhibitors. The transmission of C. diff can be transmitted by another patient. The transmission can be via commodes, thermometers, bedside tables, floors, and other objects in rooms used by a patient with C. diff. It can also be transmitted from the hands of healthcare workers. That’s why it’s important for healthcare workers to use proper hand hygiene techqines. Healthcare workers must wash hands with soap and water because antiseptic hand santaniers doesn’t destroy C. diff. Environmental factors also play a huge part in the transmission of C. diff. Healthcare professions should know the proper environmental disinfectants to use. Housekeeping staff should ensure proper cleaning and disinfection of equipment and the environment. Patient’s rooms should be properly cleaned at least once a day with proper equipment for isolation rooms. In order to stop the transmission of C. diff all departments must work together to secure that C. diff transmission isn’t constantly transmitted to other patients. Treatments C. diff will usually clear in 20% to 25% of patients with mild infection and the discontinuation of precipitating antibiotic. When patients have moderate to severe diarrhea or colitis oral metronidazole is a treatment used for 10-14 days at a total of three times a day. Metronidazole achievement rate is usually 95% effective. Vancomycin is also used for 10-14 days at a total of four times a day. Vancomycin sometimes promote emergence of VRE (vancomycin-resistant enterococci). If a patient develops fulminant colitis admittance to ICU is necessary and an emergency colectomy is performed because of severe ileus or impending perforation. Mortality rate is 30% to 80% if surgery is performed. Prevention. Prevention of C. diff starts with avoiding the use of antibiotics that are associated with high rates of C. diff. Healthcare staff, housekeeping, dietary, and maintenance should be informed on the transmission and precautions of C. diff. When C. diff is suspected or verified patient should be place in isolation. The proper precautions should be placed on the door of the resident and visitors should be directed to nursing station before admittance into the room of a person with C. diff. Healthcare workers should drape with gowns and gloves for all contact to prevent the spreading of C. iff. Proper handing washing should be done with hand soap and water because sanitizer with alcohol doesn’t help in the fight against C. diff. Patient care equipment should remain in the room throughout isolation. Patient rooms and equipment should be cleaned with bleach, alkaline gluteraldehyde, or ethylene oxide. Always remember never to mix different solutions because this can cause toxic vapors. All rooms should be terminal cleaned once patient is discharged to prevent further spreading of C. diff. Health Promotion and Wellness Strategy. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention has tool kits for healthcare professional. CDC offers up-to-date information, recommended infection control measures, and tools for outbreak response coordination and reporting. CDC also has resources on how to implement and improve antibiotic stewardship efforts. To sum it up all educating healthcare professional on how to stop the transmission and prevention of C. diff can help stop the spreading of C. diff. Learning how to keep yourself as well as the patients free from C. diff can be controlled if everyone works together.

HR †Selection Process Essay

Today, the human resource selection process plays a vital role in the production and performance value business receive by making good hires and the high costs of replacing employees following bad hires. This is especially true for small business. Now the human resource department takes on a more strategic role with hiring and selection. What is selection? Selection is the process of selecting a qualified person who can successfully do a job and deliver valuable contributions to the organization. The selection process is the strategically planned procedural approach created and implemented by organizations when recruiting and hiring new employees. This begins when jobs are posted internally and externally however in some cases recruiting tools are used to draw top-qualified candidates for important jobs. Screening tools, such as applications, tests, interviews, background investigations and reference checks are all used during this process. One area of the selection process that is significant and sometimes under-valued is the development of screening tools. The goal of selection is to employ the applicant who is the best possible match for the job duties which makes using the right selection tools and developing them effectively crucial. Thorough job analysis assists HR professionals better align selection tools with the job. In addition to locating the best hire, cost efficiency and legal concerns are two main reasons why the HR selection process is so important. When companies make a bad hire, they pay to train and orient a person who ultimately may cause more harm than good if he performs poorly and negatively affects the workplace. The costs to replace a bad hire are astronomical in many industries. A Society Human Resource Management study showed that even an $8 an hour retail employee can cost up to $3,500 to replace because of the hiring, administrative and training costs involved. When hiring an employee it is important to find the right person because this will reduce turnover rates and save time and money in the long run. Many employers seek skills and characteristics in the applicant before they qualify for an interview. Some of these include: †¢ Self motivated individuals †¢ High tolerance for stress †¢ Positive attitude †¢ Good communication skills †¢ Ability to work as an individual and in a group †¢ Good problem solving skills These skills and characteristics are highly important because working in a call center is extremely stressful and routine. In addition, you are on the frontline representing the company yet you are unable to see the customer. You must keep a positive attitude and for that reason, your presentation over the phone is vital. Since the job is based on communication through the phone, a good recruitment practice in the call center would include pre-screening telephone interviews to test out the applicants phone skills. Once a group of applicants are selected, they are scheduled for an interview with two call center managers or supervisors and Raj, the Human Resource Recruiter. During the first interview process, they are asked about their interests and career goals to get a general idea if they are fit for the job. During the second interview, questions are more in-depth regarding experience, what they can contribute to the company, and their skills. The third and final interview tests their problem-solving skills by giving them scenario questions regarding their job and their ability to share the same corporate culture with other staff members. In addition, a lot of call centers also use behavioural based tests and interviews that match skills and interests to the unique mix of products and services provided by the company. Another effective selection and recruitment method they use is the Employee Referral Program. The Employee Referral program offers a costeffective means of attracting applicants, avoiding the need for advertising or agency fees. Also, new recruits who have been recommended by existing employees often come to the company with more realistic expectations and can provide a better cultural fit. At Bodog.com, under an employee referral program, existing staff are offered a cash incentive ($1000) to recommend friends or former colleagues for vacancies within the company. The bonus payments are  only made if the recommended candidate is successful in his or her application. The payments are also typically dependent on a number of other conditions being met. There is a three month probation period which new recruits must complete satisfactorily before the employees who recommended them are paid a bonus. However, there are a number of potential drawbacks. One of the greatest concerns tends to be that relying too heavily on employee referrals could limit diversity in the workplace, with new staff recruited in the likeness of existing employees. But, provided that there is already a diverse workforce in place this ceases to be such an issue. It is a good idea to keep track your hiring methods to see if they are actually working in hiring the right person. If methods start to become ineffective, you can test out some new recruiting methods that may work for your call center.

Are We Now Living in One World? Essay

The concept of the world becoming ‘as one’, is a concept which has been widely been contested by many writers on subjects such as modernisation, globalisation, and equality to name a few. It is quite clear from out everyday lives in how some aspects of our lives are clearly influenced by other cultures, such as the availability of Indian takeaways on every high street. Robertson (1992) suggests that the world began to become more integrated with the European voyages of discovery and colonisation in the 15th Century.1 Turner (1994) has shown how there has been a global economy since the 17th Century.2 Yet other theorists claim that it is a much more recent development. In this essay I intend to look at many of these theories and in particular look at theories of modernisation, and globalisation. Modernisation replaced the older traditional forms of societies based on agriculture. Parsons (1966) has referred to the evolution of societies as a â€Å"process of modernisatio n†. This presumes all societies to be eventually heading towards the modern stage. This can be applied to the theory of globalisation in that he is saying that all societies will become similar and ‘modern’.3 Rostow (1971) used a similar model to explain human society, in his eyes it was both evolutionary and possessed an ‘inner logic’ which leads societies to ‘modernisation’.4 In the opinion of Giddens (1990), globalisation originated from modernisation. It is a continuation of the trends from modernisation processes in 18th Century Europe. Modernisation is based on processes of disembedding. It ‘dis-embeds’ feudal individuals from fixed identities in space and time. This is known as the ‘time-space distanciation’, which I shall examine in further detail shortly. It is used to explain the historic move from traditional to modern societies and the part played by globalisation in speeding up the modernisation process. 5 Gidd ens (1991) suggests that the modernisation process entails four major sets of ‘institutional complexes of modernity’. These are administrative power, military power, capitalism and industrialism. 6 Administrative power refers to the growth and development of the secular nation state based on rational and bureaucratic forms of administration of its population and law and order. Capitalism and industrialism represent new forms of production based and centred on factory and industrial production. Militarism is based upon technology and professional armies in modern societies.7 In France, the word for globalisation is mondialisation. In Spain and Latin America, it is globalizacion. The Germans say globaliserung. This shows how far the term has spread and how widely used it is. It is said by many writers such as Giddens (1999) and Beck (2001) that we are now living in a cosmopolitan society which is forming around us. It is emerging in an anarchic haphazard, fashion carried along by a mixture of economic, technological and cultural imperatives.8 Robertson (1996) defines globalisation as a concept, â€Å"Which refers to both the compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 9 Giddens (1991) takes the view that globalisation is an equalising process as it gives previously disempowered groups and nations the potential to realise their goals. He has spoken of globalisation generating â€Å"reverse colonialism† which means that non- western countries influence developments in the west. Examples of this are the Latinising of Los Angeles, the emergence of a globally orientated high tech sector in India and the selling of Brazilian TV programmes to Portugal.10 For Giddens (1994) globalisation is a social process which results in, â€Å"†¦ Larger and larger numbers of people living in circumstances in which disembedded institutions, linking local practises with globalised social relations, organise major aspects of day to day life.†11 However, he sees it as a contradictory and uneven process. He claims that it ‘pulls away’ from local communities and uses the example of the weakening of the capacities and power from nation states in the hands of supra national political organisations. It is also said to ‘push down’ as it may present local communities with new possibilities and demands, such as the increase of nationalist movements, for example, in Scotland.12 Globalisation is said to emanate from the 1960s as this is when aspects of the modernisation process received added impetus as a result of globalisation. In late modernity there is a world capitalist system which is dominated by Trans-National Corporations (TNCs) which operate independently of nation states. TNCs can be the dominant economic actor especially in ‘developing countries’.13 In industrialism Giddens (1994) claims there has been a development of the International Division of Labour in which local industries are incorporated. Previously separate and distinct industries are now involved in trading raw materials and components with each other. He also mentions how ‘industrialisation’ now includes the ‘service’ and ‘culture’ industries. These industries are now internationally based.14 The administrative powers of the nation state grow due to the increasing ‘internationalisation’ of state relations through the sharing and pooling of knowledges and hardware states can increase their powers of surveillance and control over populations.15 Military power has become globalised through the increasing alliances between states, which empowers members of each alliance.16 This can be seen today in the alliance between the UK and the US in fighting the war against terrorism in Afghanistan. The concept of ethnocentricism can see seen as a criticism of globalisation as most of the developments benefit the richer Western countries rather than equalising wealth. Gilroy (1995) has illustrated this by saying that the West has used the ‘rest’ of the world, especially regarding the use of slavery by which to ‘modernise’. 17 Parsons saw the West as the sole source of modernisation, and globalisation is said to have come from modernisation.18 Giddens (1999) speaks of how all giant multinational companies come from rich countries, most being based in the US. It can also be seen that global poverty remains at scandalous levels and millions of people around the world have little, if any, democratic rights. The share of the world’s population in global income has dropped from 2.3% to 1.4% from 1989 to 1999. The proportion taken by the richest fifth has risen from 70% to 85%. In Sub-Sahara Africa, 20 countries have lower incomes per head in real terms than they did twenty years ago. In many less developed countries, safety and environmental regulations are low or virtually non-existent. Some TNC’s sell goods in these countries that are controlled or banned in developed countries, such as poor quality medical drugs, destructive pesticides and high tar and nicotine cigarettes. 19 Tanzania’s debt of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4.5 billion is 152% of its GNP. 85% of the Zambian population lives in absolute poverty.20 The abandonment of the term ‘third world’ can be an indicator of the alleged convergence of the world. The term originates from the belief that the group of countries it stood for would develop to modernity by a third route that differed from that of the ‘first world’ or the ‘second’. The ‘first world’ refers to the countries involved in the industrial revolution and the capitalist route to modernity; and the ‘second world’ refers to the Soviet Block who took the socialist route to modernity. Harris (1986) claimed that the abandonment of the term was due to the increasing global integration and therefore the notion of distinct worlds were out of date.21 This theory is supported by the fact that some countries previously referred to as ‘third world’ are now economic rivals of th e ‘first world’, such as Japan, Taiwan, Malaysia and Singapore. 22 However, again the statistics on deprivation, as shown above, conflict with this view. Global inequality is clearly not decreasing in all areas. The historical movement from traditional societies to modern ones and the part played by globalisation in speeding up the movement begun by the modernisation process is referred to as ‘Time-space distanciation’ by Giddens (1991) and ‘Time- Space Compression’ by David Harvey (1989). Traditional societies are said to be based upon social relations ’embedded’ in time and space. For example, time for a peasant, would be based upon the cyclical nature of the seasons due to their reliance on agriculture as a means of subsistence. This also meant that time to different societies were different, as their neighbours would use different measurements of time. The invention of the clock is significant to this as it allows one measure of time to be universalised and not narrow and locally defined. This can reduce the sense of social distance between communities. The sense of time is now global, as there is now only one concept of time in the world. Distances appear to have ‘shrunk’ as one community is using the same concept of time as one on the other side of the world.23. In this sense, it can be said that modernisation ‘dis-embeds’ the individual from their fixed identity in time and space. The two mechanisms Giddens (1991) claims are processes of ‘disembedding’ are symbolic tokens and expert systems. Money is used as an example of symbolic tokens as it was not used in traditional times; economic exchange was based upon local and particularistic expressions of value. With modernisation comes money as a universal form of exchange. Money, as time, acts to make general and universal what once were particularistic and local exchanges. As the current main form of exchange, money can make the world seem as one as it allows individuals to move between local contexts and can therefore establish social relations across time and space.24 As modernisation created the notion of a national currency which diminished difference within national boundaries, then globalisation removes differences between national currencies, for example, with the birth of the credit card. The credit card is accepted around the world making it easier to spend money worldwide. The introduction of the Euro in many European countries in January 2002 is another example. 25 Expert Systems are the result of scientific discoveries and technical knowledge which claim to be universal. They are not context dependent and therefore can establish social relations across time and space. An example of this is the current model of health care which is based on universal claims of science and dominates across the globe. Other models are ridiculed or labelled ‘alternative’, such as holistic therapies.26 A second ‘shrinking’ of the world occurred according to Harvey in 1847-8 with the economic collapse of credit. As a consequence of the collapse finance capitalists across Europe attempted to centralise capital and credit markets. Time was therefore further compressed as capital investments could move faster through the new rationalised system. The further conquest of space was made possible as investments are made in forms of transportation such as the railways and shipping. 27 This compression of space is given further impetus at the turn of the 20th century as investments are made in aviation and new media such as radio, photography and the cinema.28 According to Harvey the revolution in electronic technologies, such as computerisation and the Internet have meant that ‘time’ and ‘space’ has been conquered, as instantaneous communication is a reality.29 There are many sceptics to who all talk of the word becoming as one is simply talk. Whatever the benefits, trials and tribulations, the global economy is not especially different from that which existed at previous periods. The world is the same as it has been for many years. They use the example of external trade, saying that for most countries only a small part of income originates in external trade. Most economic exchange is regional, such as the countries in the European Union mostly trade amongst themselves. The same is said to be true of the other main trading blocks such as the Asia Pacific and North America.30 Sutcliffe (1995), for example, claims that global development is impossible since it would be economically unsustainable. He argues that development is going in the wrong direction, the underdeveloped countries would be better models for sustainable societies than the developed ones.31 Giddens (1999) criticises these views pointing out how globalisation sceptics are often on the old political left and they believe that globalisation is a notion proposed by those who wish to dismantle the welfare state and cut back on state spending. If the concept of globalisation is a myth then governments can still intervene in economic life and the welfar e states can remain intact. 32 Giddens (1999) argues that the global marketplace is much more developed than even two or three decades ago and national borders are no longer of importance. He claims that, â€Å"The era of the nation state is over†.33 Nations are said to have lost most of the sovereignty and politicians have lost the power to influence events. However, Turner (1994) demonstrates how a high degree of ‘economic globalisation’ occurred during the 17th Century.34 Other writers claim similar points saying that the world has reversed to how it was a century ago as in the late 19th Century there was a global open economy, with a great deal of trade occurring, including trade in currencies.35 Giddens (1999) criticises this saying that the level of world trade today is greater than it ever has been and involves a much wider range of goods and services, but the most important is the level of finance and capital flows. He uses the example of electronic money, money that only exists on computers. Money can be transferred around the world at simply a click of a mouse. Over a trillion dollars is said to be turned over everyday in global currency, a massive increase from ten years ago. The money an individual has personally depends on the fluctuations in the global currency markets. 36 Max Weber wrote on the nation state and maintained that the power to declare war or peace was one of the essential features of a state. If it doesn’t have a monopoly over was and peace, then it isn’t a state.37 Beck (2001) takes this up saying that the power to decide between war and peace is no longer a matter for an individual state acting autonomously and uses the example of the war against terrorism to demonstrate this.38 Developments in technology and communications are a factor in the debate. In the mid 19th Century Samuel Morse transmitted the first message by electric telegraph initiating a new phase in world history. Morse code was discontinued as a means of communications at sea on 1st February 1999. Now we have communications satellites, which were first launched just over 30 years ago and now there are over 200 satellites creating instantaneous communications across earth. Also other types of electronic communications have accelerated over the past years. No dedicated transatlantic or transpacific cables existed until the late 1950’s. These all play their part in making the world seem smaller and more accessible.39 The reach of media technologies also is a factor in making the world more ‘as one’. Celebrities may be more familiar to us than our next door neighbours. I could not tell you who my neighbours were; yet many people around the world would be able to say, for example, who Brad Pitt’s wife is. Giddens (1999) expresses how far the media has reached and how cultures have globalised by using an example of a friend of his who studied village life in central Africa. On her arrival in a remote area she was invited to a local home for an evening’s entertainment and instead of finding out the traditional pastimes of the community, they watched Basic Instinct on video, which hadn’t reached British cinemas at this point.40 The changing roles of women around the world and the changing structure of the family are also due to globalisation and making the world more similar. For example, Cherie Blair has recently launched a campaign to help the women of Afghanistan, as by our standards they have no rights. Ulrich Beck (1992) writes about ‘reflexive modernisation’ and in an article published online for the New Statesman he writes about how this is bringing the world together. ‘Reflexive modernisation’ is a description of contemporary society in which we become aware of the risks and dangers of industrial technological society and in which increased knowledge about how to deal with this creates more awareness of dangers and risks.41 He applies this to the recent terrorist attacks to show how, â€Å"†¦ The warring camps and nations of the world united against the common foe of global terrorism.†42 Old rivalries of the US, such as with Moscow and Beijing are forgotten and a real cease-fire between Israel and the Palestinians is enforced. He pontificates that humanities common fear is now making new bonds and dissolving t he boundaries of national and international politics creating the globalisation of politics in which states are moulded into transnational co-operative networks. He also shows how foreign and domestic policy, national security and international co-operation are now interlocked. Since 11th September, ‘terrorist sleepers’ have been identified in Hamburg, Germany, and many other places. Therefore German domestic policy is now an important part of US domestic and foreign policy. So are the domestic foreign, security and defence policies of France Pakistan, Great Britain, Russia and so on.43 There are very many arguments suggesting that the world is becoming as one. Other arguments I have not gone into are the growing awareness of the global environment and the ways people all over the world are trying to help, such as with the South American rainforest and the widespread starvation of Africa. Global tourism is also making us more aware of our world and the ease of travel to far away places makes the world seem as if it is smaller than when the first voyage of discovery crossed the Atlantic Ocean. The spread of the English language around the world and the films and television programmes seen by hundreds of millions of people in different countries also contribute. The world is also better connected both economically and politically with global financial markets and the World Trade Organisation, also the creation of international political communities such as the European Union and the United Nations make the world more integrated. However, we will not live in ‘one world’ until the problems of inequality between rich and poor are solved. Also until many aspects of difference are recognised and accepted, especially regarding religious difference as this is still a major cause of disagreement in the world today. Bibliography * Beck, U. (1992), â€Å"Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity†, London, Sage * Beck, U. (5/11/01) â€Å"The Fight for a Cosmopolitan Future†, The New Statesman Online, (http://cgi.sociologyonline.force9.co.uk/cgi-bin/frame/FrameIt.cgi?Url=http://www.newstatesman.co.uk/200111050022.htm&Text=Back+to+Socio- News&Title=SociologyOnline+Link&FooterLocation=2&FooterFontFace=Verdana&FooterFontSize=3&ShowRemoverFrame=1&Link=http://cgi.sociologyonline.force9.co.uk/Files/socio-news/SocioNews.shtml&FooterBgcolor=2c448b&FooterTextColor=ffffff&AllowResize=0&FrameBorder=0) 20/11/01 * Fitzgerald, T., http://www.sociologyonline.co.uk/GlobalParsons.htm 20/11/01 * Giddens, A., (1990), â€Å"The Consequences of Modernity†, Cambridge, Polity. * Giddens, A., (1991), â€Å"Modernity & self-identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age†, Cambridge, Polity. * Giddens, A., (1994), â€Å"Beyond Left & Right: The Future of Radical Politics†, Cambridge, Polity * Giddens, A ., (1999), â€Å"Runaway World: How Globalisation Is Reshaping Our Lives†, Profile Books. * Giddens A., (1999) â€Å"Runaway World†, Lecture 1: â€Å"Globalisation†, London, BBC Reith Lectures, http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/events/reith_99/week1/week1.htm 20/11/01 * Gilroy, P (1993), â€Å"The Black Atlantic: Modernity & Double Consciousness†, London, Verso. * Harris, N., (1986), â€Å"The End of the Third World: Newly Industrialising Countries and the Decline of an Ideology†, Harmondsworth, Penguin. * Harvey, D. (1989) â€Å"The Condition of Postmodernity†, Oxford, Basil Blackwell. * Parsons, T., (1966) â€Å"Societies: Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives†, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall. * Robertson, R., (1992)†Globalisation: Social Theory and Global Culture†, London, Sage. * Rostow, W., (1971) â€Å"Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto†, Cambridge University Press. * S utcliffe. B., (1995), â€Å"Development After Ecology†, in Timmon Roberts, J., and Hite, A. (eds.) (2000), â€Å"From Modernisation to Globalisation: Perspectives on Development and Social Change†, Oxford, Blackwell * Turner, B.S. (1994) â€Å"Orientalism, Postmodernism & Globalism†, London, Routledge * Weber, M., (1919), â€Å"Politics as a Vocation†, in â€Å"From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology†, ed. Gerth, H.H. and Mills, C.W. London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1948 * http://www.sociologyonline.co.uk/GlobalWTO.htm 20/11/01 1 Harris, N., (1986), â€Å"The End of the Third World: Newly Industrialising Countries and the Decline of an Ideology†, Harmondsworth, Penguin. 2 Turner, B.S. (1994) â€Å"Orientalism, Postmodernism & Globalism†, London, Routledge. 3 Parsons, T., (1966) â€Å"Societies: Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives†, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall. 4 Rostow, W., (1971) â€Å"Stages of Economic Grow th: A Non-Communist Manifesto†, Cambridge University Press. 5 Giddens, A., (1990), â€Å"The Consequences of Modernity†, Cambridge, Polity. 6 Giddens, A., (1991), â€Å"Modernity & Self Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age†, Cambridge, Polity. 7 ibid. 8 Giddens A., (1999), â€Å"Runaway World†, Lecture 1: â€Å"Globalisation†, London, BBC Reith Lectures, http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/events/reith_99/week1/week1.htm 20/11/01 9 Robertson, R., â€Å"Globalisation: Social Theory and Global Culture†, London, Sage. 10 Giddens, A., (1991), â€Å"Modernity & Self Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age†, Cambridge, Polity 11 Giddens, A., (1994), â€Å"Beyond Left & Right: The Future of Radical Politics†, Cambridge, Polity 12 Giddens, A., (1999), â€Å"Runaway World: How Globalisation Is Reshaping Our Lives†, Profile Books. 13 Giddens, A., (1994), â€Å"Beyond Left & Right: The Future of Radical P olitics†, Cambridge, Polity 14 ibid. 15 ibid. 16 ibid. 17 Gilroy, P (1993), â€Å"The Black Atlantic: Modernity & Double Consciousness†, London, Verso. 18 Fitzgerald, T., http://www.sociologyonline.co.uk/GlobalParsons.htm 20/11/01 19 Giddens A., (1999), â€Å"Runaway World†, Lecture 1: â€Å"Globalisation†, London, BBC Reith Lectures, http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/events/reith_99/week1/week1.htm 20/11/01 20 http://www.sociologyonline.co.uk/GlobalWTO.htm 20/11/01 21 Harris, N., (1986), â€Å"The End of the Third World: Newly Industrialising Countries and the Decline of an Ideology†, Harmondsworth, Penguin. 22 Fulcher, J. and Scott, J. (1999), â€Å"Sociology†, Oxford, Oxford University Press. 23 Giddens, A., (1991), â€Å"Modernity & Self Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age†, Cambridge, Polity 24 ibid. 25 ibid. 26 ibid. 27 Harvey, D. (1989) â€Å"The Condition of Postmodernity†, Oxford, Basil Blackwell 28 ibid. 29 ibid. 30 Giddens A., (1999), â€Å"Runaway World†, Lecture 1: â€Å"Globalisation†, London, BBC Reith Lectures, http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/events/reith_99/week1/week1.htm 20/11/01 31 Sutcliffe. B., (1995), â€Å"Development After Ecology†, in Timmon Roberts, J., and Hite, A. (eds.) (2000), â€Å"From Modernisation to Globalisation: Perspectives on Development and Social Change†, Oxford, Blackwell. 32 Giddens A., (1999), â€Å"Runaway World†, Lecture 1: â€Å"Globalisation†, London, BBC Reith Lectures, http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/events/reith_99/week1/week1.htm 20/11/01 33 ibid. 34 Turner, B.S. (1994) â€Å"Orientalism, Postmodernism & Globalism†, London, Routledge. 35 Giddens A., (1999), â€Å"Runaway World†, Lecture 1: â€Å"Globalisation†, London, BBC Reith Lectures, http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/events/reith_99/week1/week1.htm 20/11/01 36 ibid. 37 Weber, M., (1919), â€Å"P olitics as a Vocation†, in â€Å"From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology†, ed. H.H. Gerth and C.W. Mills, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1948 38 Beck, U. (5/11/01) â€Å"The Fight for a Cosmopolitan Future†, The New Statesman Online http://cgi.sociologyonline.force9.co.uk/cgi-bin/frame/FrameIt.cgi?Url=http://www.newstatesman.co.uk/200111050022.htm&Text=Back+to+Socio- News&Title=SociologyOnline+Link&FooterLocation=2&FooterFontFace=Verdana&FooterFontSize=3&ShowRemoverFrame=1&Link=http://cgi.sociologyonline.force9.co.uk/Files/socio-news/SocioNews.shtml&FooterBgcolor=2c448b&FooterTextColor=ffffff&AllowResize=0&FrameBorder=0 39 Giddens A., (1999), â€Å"Runaway World†, Lecture 1: â€Å"Globalisation†, London, BBC Reith Lectures, http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/events/reith_99/week1/week1.htm 20/11/01 40 ibid. 41 Beck, U. (1992), â€Å"Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity†, London, Sage. 42 Beck, U. (5/11/01) â€Å"The Fight for a Cosmopolit an Future† in The New Statesman Online.

The Effects Of Mobile Phones Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Effects Of Mobile Phones - Essay Example Health Problems According to BBC News (2002), studies have linked the use of mobile phones with headaches, hotspots in the brain as well as cancer. However, Foster and Moulder (2000) indicated that lawsuits that have been filed in courts in the United States have not been able to provide any concrete evidence of this claim as there has been no proven associated increase in cancer among the population and the complainants have not been able to provide any evidence to substantiate that their case is caused by the use of mobile phones. ARPHANSA (n.d.) has also indicated that although there is a possibility of a small risk, there is no clear evidence in the scientific literature to suggest that it poses a long-term health hazard. Teenagers are high users of mobile phones. Studies carried out in the U.K. have found that approximately 80% of 11 to 14 year olds own a mobile phone (The Institute of Science in Society n.d.). Studies also indicate that prolonged use may cause teenage brains to age prematurely (The Institute of Science in Society n.d.). Behavioral Problems in Young Children According to Divan et al (2010), prenatal and postnatal exposures to mobile phones have resulted in behavioral problems in young children.

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Report - Essay Example As owner, I must procure a good flatbed scanner that can meet the demands of my business. Initially, there are brands that we can choose from, namely : CanoScan 8800F, Epson Perfection V500 and HP ScanJet 8270.These models are competitive and their brand name suggests quality and reliability. However, the company needs only to fulfill some basic requirements in choosing a flatbed scanner. Some of the main requirements for buying a scanner are the following: All of the scanners have no warm up time which means faster scanning. The three scanners also have same connectivity ( USB 2.0 ) and minimum48 bit color . Among the group, the Epson Perfection has the best scan resolution although the HP ScanJet 8270 has the fastest scan speed. However, price is also a consideration in any organization since it translates to cost. Among the three products, the one that I would highly recommend is the Epson Perfection V500 for three good reasons: affordability, quality and speed. The Comparison Index has shown the specifications of the scanners and the Epson can meet the requirements of the company. Although the maximum size is limited to 11.4, there is still possibility for enlargements. It is not as fast as the HP ScanJet 8270 but it can deliver quality and fast scan that is crucial to the operations. In addition to this, the Epson Perfection V500 was chosen by PC magazine as â€Å"Top Pick for Black Friday† in 2007. According to Stone’s review ( 2007): Like almost any flatbed scanner, the V500 can handle all-purpose scanning, but its focused on photos. This makes it most appropriate for anyone (short of a professional photographer) who needs to scan a backlog of prints and film (including slides) to digital format. ( pcmag.com, 2007) Thus, aside from the technical specifications, the reviews about this product can guarantee us that users are satisfied with its

Developing a new set of performance appraisal processes and measures Essay

Developing a new set of performance appraisal processes and measures - Essay Example The senior management should as much as possible prevent unsatisfied employees after the performance appraisal process. There should be a good way to determine the best way how to let employees understand what the company exactly perceives about their actual performance. There should be correct and exact criteria for performance appraisal that are not susceptible to bias or one-sided in its approach when they are put into application. This is to ensure that the entire process of performance appraisal program is controlled by the management that is far beyond the issue of unfair treatment. Management should give skills empowerment program for its employees. This is one of the ways in which employees are set to another level of standard and this is also a way how the management expects them to achieve specific level or standard. Learning and growth strategy is another important goal of the management to be executed prior to the actual performance appraisal process. This is to ensure th at employees are given the exact idea that the management expects them to grow and thus performance appraisal is just one of the effective ways for such measurement. In this way, employees will not recent about how they are being evaluated considering that there is a significant basis why they should be evaluated. In fact, the management could express its learning and growth strategy as a way of investing in its human resource. The management should emphasised that investing in its employees and particularly in its human resource is a good start to emphasise the significance of performance appraisal. However, employees should not view this as only a way of maximising company’s profit or financial performance. Rather, it should be viewed as integral part of how an organisation should find for its corporate success. This should be widely understood by employees and that their performance is an integral part of the entire corporate performance in the achievement of goals. Finall y, the management should create a good working environment for its employees. In this way, there is always a good reason for its employees to believe that they are giving their time at the right place. This should be integrated in the performance appraisal system. This is one of the good ways to ensure corresponding success in any attempt to evaluate corporate performance as far as the human resource is concerned. B. Recommendations Success of new performance appraisal process should be evaluated based on the detailed concept of employee-employer relationships. There are many things that an employer should understand about employees because each one of them has specific needs that could motivate them at some point. Feedbacks should be given in a way that it promotes neutral impact on both the management and its employees. This is to ensure that the employees are able to grasp the genuine intention of the management for giving feedbacks. Employer must be able to create significant un derstanding about both external and internal factors of the business environment. In this reason, there is always a good chance to take a better look at how employees perform their tasks and manage to do them based on the firm’s expectations. Firm should be able to evaluate first its expectations. In this way, there is always a good chance to concentrate on what really benefits the organisation. However, this does not mean that the entire process

Financial and Management Accounting Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Financial and Management Accounting - Case Study Example The rise in inventory levels is of particular significance and it is suggested that if a proper stock management plan was put in place, the Company would be able to improve its liquidity and cash flow position. It is also suggested that alternate sources of funding for the Company's expansion, such as debt finance and/or leasing of assets as opposed to relying predominantly on equity finance may have a favourable impact on Foster Ltd., in terms of liquidity and otherwise. Foster Ltd. has gone through rapid expansion over the two years that make up the subject matter of this report. This is evident from the financial statements of the Company as seen from the fact that revenue has grown by 43.75% and the investment in machinery has increased by 60% in 2006. The Company has also increased its long term funding by drawing a '1 Million loan as well as making a share issue. This expansion has reaped benefits in terms of profitability; however the liquidity and cash flow position of the Company has deteriorated. The directors themselves have felt the strain and the Cash Flow Statement prepared for 2006 clearly reflects the problem. The financial statements show further signs of the cash shortage and these will be discussed below. Overtrading is a likely cause for the Company's current unfavourable situation. This refers to the fact that the Company has expanded its sales revenue quite rapidly without securing the additional funds necessary to support the expansion. This report looks to find the underlying causes of the liquidity problem by analysing the available financial statements. Any potential causes found will be discussed and possible remedies suggested. In addition, other ways in which the liquidity position of the Company can be improved will also be considered. Foster Ltd.'s Current Profitability &Liquidity/Cash flow Position As mentioned above, the profitability of Foster Ltd. has seen a commendable increase. The Gross Profit Ratio (GP Ratio) of the Company has increased from 21.88% in 2005 to 26.09% in 2006 (see Appendix). This is a significant rise. It must be noted that just because revenue increases, profitability does not increase as the cost of sales would have increased along with the revenue. However, in Foster Ltd.'s case, the cost of sales has increase in a proportion quite considerably less than that of revenue (36% as compared to 47.35%). It is because of this difference in proportions that Foster Ltd. is exhibiting higher profitability levels. A likely reason for cost of sales increasing by a lower percentage is the achievement of economies of scale. As Foster Ltd. expands and increases production, its cost per unit decreases as it begins to enjoy the benefits of bulk discounts in raw material purchases, as well as being able to spread overhead and other fixed costs over a larger number of u nits thereby reducing the fixed cost per unit. Along with its GP Ratio, the Total Profit ratio has also increased from 8.75% to 8.99% (see Appendix). This may not be a sizable increase but is definitely notable. The reason for the increase in the GP Ratio not being followed through to the Total Profit ratio is that the operating expenses, and the finance and tax costs to a lesser

Ase study of topshop-finding its success factors Essay

Ase study of topshop-finding its success factors - Essay Example The past decade, however, has witnessed the transformation of `topflop’ into an authentic Top-Shop; a shop which is not only â€Å"one of the world’s hottest retailers† (Esfahani, 2006, para. 1) but one which is popularly and consistently regarded as the â€Å"bastion of cool† (Esfahani, 2006, para. 8) by teens and adults. Indeed, in a market where success is an ephemeral goal, Topshop is the epitome of success and, through its electronic storefront, seems posed for greater success. With the aforementioned in mind, the identification of Topshop’s success factors, alongside a determination of whether or not these CSFs have been carried over to its online storefront, will prove integral to the better understanding of the determinants of e-retail success. Over the past decade, Topshop’s success has been predicated on supplier quality, flexible responsiveness to market trends and consumer demands/tastes, employee satisfaction and, ultimately, consumer satisfaction. Analysis of Topshop’s success and, more importantly, its maintenance of that success, indicates that one of the leading CSFs is supplier quality. As Esfahani (2006) maintains, Topshop is extremely selective as regards the clothing lines it will carry in its store, especially its flagship one, and insists that all goods adhere to quality standards while, at the same time, remain affordable. A second, probably as important CSF, is the evident satisfaction displayed by its employees. As both Burney (2004) and Wilson (2005) notes, in immediate comparison to other fashion retailers and High Street shops where attendees and assistance are quite evidently performing a chore when assisting customers and, while unfailingly polite are quite obviously acting and behaving in accordance with management’s instructions, Topshop employees are genuinely interested, helpful and friendly to customers. They appear committed to their

Social terms in Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social terms in Islam - Essay Example He went to a cave to muse on the problems, and there he prayed. In the year 610, the angel Gabriel appeared to him. It was Gabriel who gave Muhammad the words to the Koran. Muhammad started to preach, and at first his words were not taken well. Meccans were told not to trade with the would-be Muslims. In the year 619 his wife died. It was after this that he had his famous journey to Jerusalem. Soon men from Medina heard of him, and said that if his ideas worked "he would be the strongest man in Arabia." (U.S. News and World Report, Secrets of Islam pg.22) The Medina Arabs soon accepted Islam, but it was far from being accepted by everybody in Arabia. Muhammad died at the age of 63, and within a century of his death Islam spread across three continents. The first split in the religion happened not long after Muhammad's death. When Muhammad died he left no indication of who was to rule after him. The Sunnis believe that Ali, Muhammad's cousin should have been the first caliph to rule after Muhammad. Instead, he was the 4th. The third caliph; Uthman, was killed, and Ali was accused of not pursuing Uthman's killers. Mu'awiya, Uthman's cousin and the governor of Damascus refused to accept Ali as the caliph until Uthman's killers were caught. Ali was killed by one on his own followers, and then Mu'awiya took the title of caliph. Ali's son, Hussein was promised the caliph after Mu'awiy died. However Mu'awiya's son took the caliph, and Hussein died. However Hussien's son Ali survived, and the two lines of caliphs made the split between the Islamic factions of Sunni and Shia. Both sects of the religion are Islam however. A believer of Islam, be the person Sunni or Shia, is called a Muslim. Muslim is the Arab word for submission to the will of Allah. And a Muslim is a person who has submitted their will to the will of Allah. Muslims believe in the 5 Pillars of Islam. The Five Pillars are: 1. To believe in Allah and his Prophet Muhammad. 2. To pray in the direction of Mecca five times a day 3. To make a pilgrimage to Mecca during their lifetime if able 4. to pay religious taxes(alms) 5. to observe and fast during Ramadan The holy book for Muslims, the Koran, is the main source for Islamic law. It is considered the ultimate source of instruction and information. The legal interpretation of the Koran is call the Shariah and can vary within the religion. For example, the Koran calls for modesty in women's dress, and some Shariah's say that women should be veiled from head to foot. Islam soon spread far across the world. There is some debate however about how it came to Kyrgyzstan. Some sources say it was brought over by Sufis, Islamic missionaries. The majority of the other sources say that the religion was brought over by merchants and traders. As merchants traded, they would sell their wares as well as spread their Islamic faith. Islam was assimilated into the lifestyle of the people of the area. Some ideas of the religion were ignored, because they didn't fit with the nomadic life style of the people. The people of the area mainly practiced animism and forms of shamanism, and it I believed that they simply took and chose which parts of Islam they wanted to adopt. Many people also considered themselves Muslim, even if they didn't hold any of the beliefs of the religion. Because of the nomadic way of life, Islam does not have a strong hold on the society of Kyrgyzstan. One example of this is the role of women. Due to

Reassuring aspects in the three stories Essay Example for Free

Reassuring aspects in the three stories Essay The aim of this essay is to explore the three texts (The Stolen Bacillus, Hop Frog, and The Adventure of the Speckled Band) and to consider which aspects of the three stories affect us, how they influence us, and why they cause concern or console, either disturbing or reassuring us. It is concluded that there are many disturbing and reassuring aspects in the stories dependant on the perspective one may adopt. The word disturbing means to agitate the mind, causing distress, worry, or anxiety. The word reassuring means to restore confidence and relieve anxiety. These two definitions will help me with my investigation by giving me a guideline to work with. To get an understanding as to why different writers may have written the way that they did, I will consider the background information of the period the author was writing in and any aspects which would affect his subject material and style of writing. H. G. Wells was writing at the end of the nineteenth century at a time where there was a rapid social and industrial change, and he had a personal interest in social justice, science and politics. This is reflected in his writing as there is the bacteriologist (relating to science) and the anarchist (pertaining to social justice and politics). These issues in his work would disturb a reader of Wells time because subjects such as the social and industrial changes would be on the readers minds, and therefore cause anxiety if he were to write about them in a negative way. Edgar Allan Poe was expelled from university for drunkenness and debt, and later court martialled from the army for drunkenness again. Poes association with alcohol in real life is reflected in his story which has many references to alcohol within it. These references would disturb readers because Poe would be able to write a distressing truth about the affects of alcohol, because he himself had experienced it, and he wrote at a time when the truth was censored from the public. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle wrote at a time when the British had an empire in India, this is referred to in his story as Dr. Roylott went out to do a medical degree in Calcutta, and also served a prison sentence there. This would provide a factor in the story with which readers may be able to associate with, and would either disturb or reassure them depending on the way theyd previously felt about the empire in India, and how it is depicted in Doyles writing. The settings and surroundings of a story can be used to great consequence when enhancing the effect of a disturbing or reassuring aspect of a tale. Arthur Conan Doyle uses his description of Stoke Moran intelligently in order to increase the disturbing nature of the whole plot of the story. The author uses very gothic features in the Speckled Band. For example, there is reference to the middle ages as Dr. Roylott comes from one of the oldest Saxon families in England which is an illustration of one gothic feature. Another gothic trait is Stoke Morans gloomy setting, the writer depicts: from amid the branches there jutted out the gray gables and high roof tree of a very old mansion. A further gothic characteristic expressed in Doyles writing is the ventilator in Helens room. Secret passages and hidden doors are another common attribute of a gothic story, and the additional detail that the ventilator is mysteriously placed in an impractical position (what a fool a builder must be to open a ventilator into another room, when, for the same trouble, he might have communicated with the outside air! ) gives it another gothic edge as mysteries were a very frequent mark of a gothic tale. In addition to Stoke Morans gothic nature, the fact that the whole place is isolated and has a gloomy history further emphasizes any disturbing aspects introduced by the author. Arthur Conan Doyles descriptions of Stoke Moran are a great example of a dramatic structure used to augment the effectiveness of the disturbing aspects of the storyline when they emerge. This is because Doyle firstly communicates with us subliminally about the disturbing aspects of his tale via his setting descriptions, therefore giving himself some foundations on which to build up a more effective impact on his reader when he wants to disturb them.

To What Extent Do We Need Evidence To Support Our Belief Philosophy Essay

To What Extent Do We Need Evidence To Support Our Belief Philosophy Essay Evidence in my opinion can be described as some type of an authentication or a proof that is used to support one individuals own belief and thought. In other words, evidence is something that leads us to proof. This proof can be further used to strengthen or validate some kind of belief that we hold. That can then be considered to be a truth or a fact. For e.g. in todays world we dont accept something to be true until and unless suitable evidence is provided. Belief is a truth which might be considered as a truth not necessarily depending on the evidence of some sort. Beliefs in the beginning are thought to be as realistic by many people even when it has not been proved with evidence. It depends if that is going to be true or false. If a belief is proved then it becomes a fact. This undoubtedly means that beliefs are facts that are unproved. In case of past events, since we never had existed in the earlier period world we can never say if history was true at all. But to prove that we need evidences. Till we dont get an evidence for something it remains a belief. It is evidence that acts as a cause or a reason why beliefs can be thought of as something that does exist or is right. History is one such subject that requires some kind of evidence to make people believe that the past events that had occurred did exist. Even when I was taught history in the yester years we only had text books that were a stimulus material to learn and believe history. We were completely dependent on the text books but the examples provided in them sounded realistic. For e.g. we actually dont know if a Mughal emperor named as Shah Jahan ever existed in the Indian history. But to support this we have the beautiful Taj Mahal that is said was built by him for his wife. Here the Taj Mahal is regarded as evidence. Hence, we believe that there was a ruler called Shah Jahan. Likewise, there are many monuments and archaeological evidences that tell us about history i.e. the Harappa civilization and the rule of the British Empire etc. But there are many controversial things and different interpretations based on evidences that they get to know. The question that arises here is If evidence ca n affect our beliefs? How can one guarantee the truth involved in the evidences? A humans belief system does not always work on the basis of evidence. I think belief is made up of many diverse incidents which influence peoples mindset and their behavior. Hence, there is a high chance for someone to simply believe something if it is implanted within their belief even if the evidence is very less or not at all. For e.g. in our childhood days parents embed a thought in our mind that God exists, when in reality we dont really have a concrete evidence to support it. No one has actually seen God. But as we grow up the power of beliefs that are embedded in us slowly decline due to many extrinsic or intrinsic factors. Very little evidence is present in case of religions. Religion is somewhat an area where people believe in it even after being aware of the less evidence or sometimes no evidence present for it. Here, its a personal choice of a person whether to believe it or not. Its faith, that makes them believe in certain things. Many unlike ways of knowing such as perception, reason, emotions and language other than evidence affect the way people form or organize their beliefs in the natural sciences. Science is an area which can be experimented carefully only with the help of proper attentive methods which verify the theories that we have created with the help of other different ways of knowing we have. For example scientists believe that the whole evolution theory was developed. In natural science, we need some kind of a belief or in other words we an assumption to make. With the help of this belief in mind we can further prove them and then they can be known as facts. An example that can be given is when in the previous years the church used to say that its earth that is at the center and the other planets and sun rotate around it. But later this was proved wrong by Galileo Galilei with proper evidence. These types of evidences ultimately thought to be as true. People are more likely to focus on one parti cular piece of evidence which supports what they already believe. However, many areas of natural sciences are very unclear and open to different interpretations for different people. There always comes up evidence which contradicts the other one. That opens up new dimensions to the subject. As many peoples belief systems are so strong, they often choose to only pay attention to the evidence which support their claims. In our daily life, we tend to believe things that we see, hear or feel. There are many facts which are first deemed to be beliefs which if proved with proper evidence are considered to be facts. But there are many facts that dont need to be proved or were not proved. An example for this can be that we dont need to prove that Sun is the source from where we get light. Another example that can be given is it is the gravitational pull that pulls down objects. Evidence is a kind of theory that affects human mind a lot. Humans tend to believe things which have at least some kind of evidence attached to it. Human belief system is biased to the dissimilar ways of knowing. It acts according to the way they come to know about something. Psychologically it can be very difficult for our mind to accept something that has been taught to be right is in fact wrong. Areas of Knowledge: History, Arts, Ethics, Natural Science, mathematics, social sciences

Structure of English Law

Structure of English Law Philip Blincow This paper covers the basis of law which takes president in the UK. Case law, Statute Law and European Law, along with other areas that form the structure of Common Law. Relevant cases will be used to back statements. Case Law and Statute law are two pillars of what makes English Law; formed to regulate actions of citizens to govern behaviour and impose penalties on those who brake it. Case Law is based on the doctrine of Judicial Precedent which in turn refers to Stare decisis meaning standing by of previous decisions. This mean that once a law has been passed by a Judge in a previous case, it binds all lower courts holding future cases based on the same material facts. In order for Judicial Precedent to work, points of law need to be determined. When a judge makes a ruling, the reasons for reaching such decisions derives from the ratio decidendi (the reason for deciding). An example of this would be the case of Donoghue V Stevenson [1932] duty of care came down to the manufacture owing Mrs Donoghue on the grounds of negligence. This set the precedent for the following case Grant v Australian Knitting Mills [1936]. However, it is important to separate Ratio decidendi from Obiter dicta (by the way). Obiter dicta does not refer to the decision from a previous ruling. It looks at the areas of the case that rely on interpretation from the judge which is not necessary for the decision. It does not form part of the ratio decidendi. In the case of R v Howe Bannister [1987] the obiter dicta of the case is: somebody who attempts murder should not be able to plea a defence of duress. Statute Law (also known as Acts of Parliament or Legislation) is laws made by Parliament, which is split into two Chambers: The House of Lords and the House of Commons. After a bill is approved by the two Chambers, it will receive formal approval from the Monarchy referred to as Royal Assent. This turns a bill into law known as an Act of Parliament. Statute law referrers to written law and gives a rigid and formal interpretation of the law. Case law comes from Judicial Precedent. Statutory interpretation falls to the court to apply it in certain cases. The statue will not cover all ambiguities / eventualities in each case. Therefore, rules have been created to avoid an unfair ruling. Firstly, the Literal rule: when the meaning of the words written in the statute are applied such as in the case of Fisher V Bell [1961]. A flick knife was displayed with a price tag therefore presented an invitation to treat and not presented as an offer. Secondly, the Golden rule: when the action of the literal rule would lead to an unacceptable result. In the case Re Sigsworth [1935], the son who murdered his mother to inherit the estate was denied. Finally, the Mischief rule: when an ambiguity in the statute occurs. Such as in Corkery v Carpenter [1951], as the defendant was in charge whilst drunk of his bike, he presented a danger to others on the road. Another source of English Law is Equity. It is an important aspect of the law as it is about fairness and justice. Common law can be quite harsh at times and can result in someone losing a case through no fault of their own. Equity provides a judge the ability to deviate from the strict written law in order not to disadvantage someone. One example is Bull v Bull [1955]. Due to the mothers contribution to the house, she could not be evicted. Together these areas of law are designed to keep people safe and to preserve order. If an issue arises that cannot be decided on precedent, statutory law decides the case. Contract law, tort law and property law exist mostly with case law, however, there are some written statutes that are relevant to these areas. Parliamentary Sovereignty is the supreme legal authority in the UK that can create or end any law. Courts cannot overrule legislation made by parliament although no parliament can bind a future parliament. In 1972, the UK handed over sovereignty to the EU meaning Europe overrule and takes precedence over Acts of Parliament. Any are outside of where the EU operates, Parliament retains its supremacy. The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union and 2 institutions of the European Union that create new laws and codes. The reason European law was created was to encourage economic growth, increase movement of people, goods and services between member states and allowing a common market to exist. The European Communities Act 1972 came into effect when the UK joined the EU January 1st 1973. Section 2(1) of the Act dictates European Law will take precedence over domestic law. Section 2(4) provides that when a judgment of a statute is interpreted, it is in accordance and consistent with EU law. Section 3(1) provides interpretation of legislation and treaties to be treated as a question of law. Courts must accept judiciary supremacy comes from EU law. This is evident in the case between Flaminio Costa v ENEL [1964]. The claimant lost the case because the ECC (European Civil Code) Treaty created its own legal system which became integral to the legal system of each member state. In this case the Italian legal system taking precedence over national law. Word Count 866 Task 2 Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) gives parties involved in commercial disputes and attractive alternative than going to trial. The Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (CPRs) actively encourage its use. Here we can see how these rules effect the Pre-Trial Conduct and what the likely position regarding costs to the Montague Builders Ltd will be. There are 2 types of ADR process, Adjudication and Consensual. Adjudication consists of a third party to consider a dispute and provides a judgment (normally a judge, arbitrator or adjudicator). The decision made is enforceable on both parties. The consensual process is alternative method of dispute resolution. Here a third party is assigned to facilitate a solution. The disputing parties are to make the final decision, not the third-party member. The Civil Procedure Rules 1998 derives from Lord Woolf being commissioned in 1994 to writing a report Access to Justice released 1996. Reasons being it is too expensive, too slow, lacking equality and uncertainty over the amount of time and cost when reaching a settlement. The report recommended procedural change designed for a less confrontational and faster settlement. Simpler terminology was brought in to make courts more user friendly. These reforms are known as the Woolf Reforms. Practice Directions are placed within the Rules as guide lines to how: parties should operate, documentation required to be filed to the court and what would happen if not carried out properly. (Jones, 2011) The Civil Procedure Rules have an effect on the Pre-Trial Conduct. This could come down to costs assigned by a court if a party has not complied or ignored order made during an adjudication. Practice Direction 44 General Rules About Costs, (Justice.gov.uk, 2016) section 44.2 has a breakdown of costs a court would commonly make. Therefore, regardless of the result of the trial, that party will most likely incur the costs of both parties. Rules such as this are in place to get parties to attempt settling disputes rather than brining a claim to trial. European Convention of Human Rights Article 6(1) Right to Fair Trial (Legislation.gov.uk, 2016) This means if pressured to use an ADR method, this would infringe their right to a fair trial. A party can however wave their right by contractually agreeing to resolve a dispute through the ADR Adjudication process such as in the case of Deweer V Belgium [1980]. Mediation is an effective way of setting a dispute as it assigns a third party, (who will be mutually appointed) to acts as a go-between facilitating discussions for the parties to come up with a solution. The solution however in not binding and cannot be enforced by the courts. At the end of the mediation, the parties will enter into a contract to carry out the solution achieved. The contact is binding and must be carried out. Many benefits come with mediation. Examples such as it enables the parties to control the settlement, produce creative ideas, keep the process informal, allows for collaboration between the parties. Relationships can be restored but one benefit in particular is that the case stays confidential. It prevents Washing dirty linen in public, meaning the details of the case becoming public record. Benefits of attempting Pre-Action Protocol is that chance of a settlement satisfying both parties becomes more likely as a third party whilst being in a neutral position, will actively seek the best result for both sides. If a settlement cannot be agreed and a trial is set, one or both sides will have to show all has been done in an attempt to settle. Mediation is not compulsory as it is a consensual process of dispute resolution. If one party refuses to attempt finding a solution through ADR and insists on a trial, that party is acting unreasonably. Taking into account how mediation has been offered to the client by Montague Builders Ltd and the refusal by the client without offering an alternative to mediation, lends itself to a likely conclusion that Montague Builders Ltd acted in a just and reasonable manner and the client showed themselves to be unreasonable. Should the client continue to refuse any attempts to settle through mediation, an appeal for the costs for the trial to be paid by the client regardless of the outcome would be justified. Such as in the case between Dunnett v Railtrack [2002]. Word Count 693 Total Word Count 1,559 References: Bull v Bull [1955] 1 QB 234 Corkery v Carpenter [1951] 1 KB 102 Deweer v Belgium 1980 2 ehrr 439 Donoghue V Stevenson [1932]AC 562 (HL). Dunnett v Railtrack [2002] EWCA Civ 302 Fisher v Bell [19610 1 QB 394: [1960] 3 WLR 919.DC Grant v Australian Knitting Mill [1936] AC 85 (PC) Human Rights Act 1998. 2016 Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/42/schedule/1 [Accessed 24 Nov. 2016]. PRACTICE DIRECTION 44 GENERAL RULES ABOUT COSTS. 2016. Available at: https://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/procedure-rules/civil/rules/part-44-general-rules-about-costs/part-44-general-rules-about-costs2#rule4.1 [Accessed 24 Nov. 2016]. Jones, L. (2011). Introduction to business law. Oxford: Oxford University Press R v Howe Bannister [1987] 2 WLR 568 (HL) Re Sigsworth [1935] 1 Ch 98 Bibliography: Hg.org. (2016). Case Law Common Law. [online] Available at: https://www.hg.org/case-law.html [Accessed 18 Nov. 2016]. TheFreeDictionary.com. (2016). common law. [online] Available at: http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/common+law [Accessed 18 Nov. 2016]. Common.laws.com. (2016). Common Law V Statutory Law Common | Laws.com. [online] Available at: http://common.laws.com/common-law/common-law-v-statutory-law [Accessed 19 Nov. 2016]. E-lawresources.co.uk. (2016). e-lawresources.co.uk. [online] Available at: http://e-lawresources.co.uk/Home.php [Accessed 18 Nov. 2016]. Legislation.gov.uk. (2016). Human Rights Act 1998. [online] Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/42/schedule/1 [Accessed 24 Nov. 2016]. Jones, L. (2011). Introduction to business law. 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.31-32. Michael-dawson.co.uk. (2016). Michael Dawson Accredited Mediator. [online] Available at: http://michael-dawson.co.uk/dunnett-v-railtrack.php [Accessed 22 Nov. 2016]. UK Parliament. (2016). Parliamentary sovereignty. [online] Available at: https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role/sovereignty/ [Accessed 19 Nov. 2016]. Justice.gov.uk. (2016). PRACTICE DIRECTION 44 GENERAL RULES ABOUT COSTS. [online] Available at: https://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/procedure-rules/civil/rules/part-44-general-rules-about-costs/part-44-general-rules-about-costs2#rule4.1 [Accessed 24 Nov. 2016]. Justice.gov.uk. (2016). Rules Practice Directions Civil Procedure Rules. [online] Available at: https://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/procedure-rules/civil/rules [Accessed 24 Nov. 2016]. Hg.org. (2016). Statutory Law. [online] Available at: https://www.hg.org/statutory-law.html [Accessed 18 Nov. 2016]. Chcs.org.uk. (2016). The Law Making Processes of the EU. [online] Available at: http://www.chcs.org.uk/eu-law-making-process.htm [Accessed 22 Nov. 2016]. Wild, C., Weinstein, S., Smith, K. and Keenan, D. (2013). Smith Keenans English law. 17th ed. Edinbrough.

The Law of God and the Laws of the Cities in Philo of Alexandria :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

The Law of God and the Laws of the Cities in Philo of Alexandria ABSTRACT: I evaluate the position of philosophy within Philo’s theory of education as well as its relation to encyclical studies and to the highest forms of knowledge. According to Philo, true knowledge is knowledge of the law of God. Such is the role of philosophy. There exists a strong relation among the various fields of study reflecting the order that exists in all spheres of reality. Order and harmony are the same in an individual, in a state, and in the cosmos. Order and harmony reflects the law set down by God, who is both creator and foundation of such an order. The study of higher truth and the attempt to reach wisdom enlightens secular knowledge and behavior as well. The question is not merely one of maintaining political order; it is, rather, one of adhering to the order established by God. Such order is not open to discussion or alteration. My aim is to study the position of philosophy within Philo's theory of education, its relation to encyclical studies and to the highest forms of knowledge. As true knowledge is the knowing of the law of God and all the studies should aim to transmit and explain it, philosophy gets its role within this view point. There is a strong relation among the various fields of study, as one and the same the order is in all the different spheres of reality. Order and harmony in an individual and in a state are the same as in the cosmos; they are the order and the harmony of the law set down by God, who is both creator and foundation of such order. So, one and the same the law is for an individual, for a state, for the cosmos.(1) Thus the study of higher truths and the attempt to reach wisdom enlightens also secular knowledge and behaviours. There is no difference between unbalance within a city and within a soul; the first relies on the second and the transgression of the Law consists in abandoning the observance of divine word. It isn't only a question of knowing how to maintain a situation established by rulers or by individuals ethically engaged, but also of following an order and a law which come from God, which, as such, are not discussable and alterable. However, many peoples in the world don't relate to divine law.

Hersheys Food Corporation :: essays research papers

The Hershey Food Corporation is a very successful and quality business. Many products are manufactured by this corporation. Most relating, but not limited to chocolate. The corporation plays a role in deciding where products are produced. Hershey’s has expanded to both Canada and Mexico, which calls for many corporate decisions. There are an amazing amount of products associated with Hershey. These include Jolly Ranchers, Hershey Kisses, Hershey drink mixes, the entire line of Reese’s products as well as good old fashion chocolate bars. These products serve in the candy/snack foods division of sales. Society could do without them... but why would we want to?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hershey’s takes advantage of many different types of advertising. Television commercials and ads are very common. Sponsorships is also another very common way Hershey advertises. Hershey sponsors everything from ice skating shows, to racecars. The Hershey Food Corporation is very competitive so they need this type of advertising. However, the only other major corporation to compete with is Mars. The chocolate industry is diffidently not pure competition. Mars and Hershey’s form an oligopoly. Hershey’s has so many different kind of products that they have a lot of competition. The company has branched out to where they’re not only competing against other chocolates but also for fruit candies, and baking chocolate and chocolate drinks as well. The fact that so many products are offered, extends the corporation to different divisions. Mexico and Canada have manufacturing plants. Seventeen manufacturing plants include Hershey, Pa (Hershey p lant, Reese plant, West Hershey plant0, Hazleton, PA, Lancaster, PA, Memphis, Tenn., Naugatuck, Conn., New Brunswick, NJ, Oakedale, CA, Palmyra, PA, Reading, PA, Robinson, Ill., Stuarts Draft, VA, Wheatridge, CO, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Montreal, Quebec, Smiths Falls, Ontario, and Guadalajara, Mexico.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As successful as Hershey’s is, some factors have influenced set backs for the company. Devaluation in Brazil, Russia’s economic collapse, restructuring in China and the Asian financial crisis. World economics effect the Hershey’s company as well. Another closer to home setback occurred with a pasta divestiture. Evidently they tried a new venture in the pasta industry, but sold it because it just wasn’t making enough money.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mr. Hershey treated his employees exceptionally well, ever since he first opened his business. His personal philosophy revolved around sharing wealth with others and helping who he could. Even in the Great Depression he employed as many people as he could. His business helped support an entire town, built around his factory.

Emotional Intelligence and Effective Managerial Leadership

Emotional Intelligence is the study of emotions and their impact upon the work environment. This definition must allow for external factors. Hughes writes an effective leader will have impact upon their team and this is â€Å"apparent in the growing interest over the past decade in topics like the leader's genuineness, authenticity, credibility and trustworthiness† (3). A leader's reflection of these attributes is found in their level of connectedness with employees. As a result leaders are more interested in mentoring and training their team rather than focusing on output of numbers or turn around time. These qualities are a good indicator for selecting a potential manager. This development in team building allows for â€Å"providing people opportunities to learn from their work rather than taking them away from their work to learn† (Hughes 4). Emotional Intelligence relies upon the fact the leader will be able to have a competent level of interaction with the employee. It reflects successful leadership by allowing for complex relationships for team members by recognizing relationship building, capacity of visions and personal development. Emotional Intelligence for a leader means being able to read people, be read and allow for open dialogue. A corporation wants to hire someone emotionally intelligent because they have an understanding of the harmony between personal and professional personalities. To provide effective managerial leadership, one must display a certain level of Emotional Intelligence. It has been found â€Å"today business leaders rank Emotional Intelligence capabilities as critical to the success of today's leaders† (Business Executives 1). Employees look up to management for guidance. By displaying Emotional Intelligence, the leader defines the boundaries for the team and creates an atmosphere for building relationships. This in turn creates stronger teams. In today's company, the role of management also involves leadership within a team structure. A leader with a high level of Emotional Intelligence knows outside factors play a role in professional demeanor and have found a way to balance such behaviors. Also they are challenged by this balance and have a competitive edge. It is resilience, Hughes explains â€Å"that allows individuals to take difficult experiences in their lives and use them as opportunities to learn† (12). There is a level of change involved with studying Emotional Intelligence. The leader comprehends change as a constant everyday factor. The leader's role is to sell the idea of change, commitment and expectations. A leader must also display curiosity, have guts and be a dominant force. Bennis reflects, there are two kinds of people â€Å"those who are paralyzed by fear, and those who are afraid but go ahead away. Life is not about limitation but options† (185). By understanding emotions, one can improve their own filtering of surroundings and enjoy greater success through relationships. Finally, competition is brutal and the global market continues to shrink due to communication technologies. It is important in leadership to embrace change and stick to a vision. By having Emotional Intelligence one can â€Å"recognize the physical and mental signs of our feelings/emotions before we can act on them meaningfully and constructively† (Eby Ruin par 20).

Compare and Contrast the spread of Christianity and Buddhism Essay

Both Buddhism and Christianity from their origins to the sixth century C. E. had similarities in that the diffusion was attributed through missionary work and conquest. Meanwhile, Christianity spread through the down fall of Rome and Buddhism spread by Ashoka who sent monks to share the teachings of the Buddha. Christianity and Buddhism both spread through missionaries. Specifically, Buddhism, towards part of South and Southeast Asia and, Christianity the Middle East through Europe. Buddhism’s missionaries were in forms of monks that lived in monasteries and taught the Buddhist’s beliefs. On the other hand, Christianity, was spread through the downfall of Rome by groups of missionaries, like Paul, that taught to European and Middle Eastern cities. The diffusion by conquest was different with Christianity than Buddhism in tactics used to convert the religion. German tribes such as Saxons, Angles, and Jutes were impacted by missionary workers in the Western empire spreading Christianity and overtime they adopted the religion. When the tribes invaded and conquered most of England, they made the conquered convert to Christianity. Meanwhile, Buddhism is stationed on the belief of non-violence. Ashoka was a Hindu when he was younger and after witnessing many bloody battles and becoming troubled by the effects of wars on humanity, he decided to convert to a life of non-violence. Ashoka being a king made him be able to adopt the religion of Buddhism and he sent monks to surrounding territories to share the teachings of Buddha. Buddhism and Christianity had several similarities in how they diffused. However, they each had different roots and beliefs. Buddhism began in India in the late sixth century B. C. E, while Christianity began several centuries later in Israel and started spreading from Jerusalem. Buddhism shared some beliefs with Hinduism and soon became rooted in China. Meanwhile, Christianity shared roots with Judaism and Islam. While both religions spread with the help of missionaries, Christianity also spread when Constantine converted. Buddhism believed in nirvana and Christianity believed in heaven and hell. All in all, Buddhism and Christianity have many different beliefs and roots that each contributed to their diffusion. Buddhism and Christianity are two of today’s major world religions, but they each gained followers in many different ways. Spreading from Eastern Asia to Europe, both religions influenced a variety of people and groups as they spread their beliefs. With the help of missionaries, they each continued to impact people from their origins to the sixth century C. E.

Compare and contrast Oedipus Rex Essay

Compare and contrast Oedipus Rex and Faustus as tragedies.  The two plays Oedipus Rex and Faustus are both tragic  plays. Both of the plays end with the main character losing their  life, and actually even their afterlife. But as tragedies the two  plays have some similarities and some differences. The characters  themselves are different, and they both want different goals out of  each their own lives. Oedipus Rex and Faustus are two tragedies that  compare and contrast in many ways. The two main characters of the plays Faustus and Oedipus  Rex are very different from each other. Faustus, the main character in  Faustus, is not trying to save any civilizations like Oedipus is.  Faustus is really trying to make himself a better person by learning  black magic. He wants to learn evil to make himself more powerful as  a person. He signs his soul over to the devil in exchange for  twenty-four years of service by Mephistophilis. Greed is the main  reason for the fall of Faustus. He chose his own destiny; he knew  that when he signed that contract his soul belonged to the devil. Oedipus on the other hand, did not really have much of a choice in his  fate. He was pretty much damned from the beginning. He was  prophesized to kill his father and marry his mother, so his father and  mother tried to change fate. But as the story goes, the prophecy came  true. All Oedipus wanted to do was stop the plague from going through  his city. But it ended up that he was the cause, not the solution.  His eternity was not lived out in hell, but spent exiled from Thebes. Oedipus did not choose his fate as Faustus did. The characters of the  two plays both suffered in the end, but one chose his and one had to  live with his prophecy.  Smith 2  The plots of the two plays are different from each other also. The  plot of Oedipus Rex is for Oedipus to find out why the plague has  struck his town, and how to get rid of it. But the plot ends up  turning into what was prophesized to his parents a long time ago.  Oedipus ends up finding out that he has married his mother and that he  has killed his father. The whole play is a tragedy. There is no  comic relief in it, as in Faustus with his practical jokes. In  Oedipus the plot revolves around the fate of one man. In Faustus the  plot revolves around other people as well. There are other subplots  in the play not just the plot with Faustus. Faustus and  Mephistophilis go about causing trouble throughout different cities,  really trying to cause evil wherever they go. In Oedipus, there is no  other trouble in the play, just the problem with Oedipus killing his  father and marrying his mother. The plots have nothing in common  except how the end. In the end of Faustus, Faustus must spend all of  eternity in hell. His soul now belongs to the devil. In the beginning of the play he did not believe in life after death, I bet he  is hitting himself on the head now. In the end of Oedipus Rex,  Oedipus cuts his own eyes out and gets exiled out of Thebes. He  spends the rest of his life with out a home. The ultimate tragedy  really, he just got stuck in the wrong place at the wrong time. Both of the plays are different from each other, but both  end tragically. One of the similarities of the play is seen at the  end of Oedipus Rex when the Chargos basically says that even the  greatest of men can crumble to ruins; all humans are subject to  suffering and pain. This theme is true in both plays. Seen at the end  of Faustus, when Faustus was trying to stop the clock. Even the  greatest of men can crumble to ruins.

Religion Gives Meaning to Life Essay

Pojman’s conclusion is that religion gives life meaning, whereas a secular life is not significant to the way we view our world. He argues that autonomy is freedom with no restrictions and religion gives meaning and purpose to life, even though there are some sacrifices to our freedom. He says there has to be an explanation to how our world came to be and that our world comes from something much bigger than any of us can wrap our head around. Pojman gives such detail and description in the way that he argues his conclusion. He says that autonomy is like having one-hundred autonotoms, one-hundred percent freedom; no restrictions, and religion is like having ninety-five autonotoms, ninety-five percent freedom; minimal restrictions which refer to our morals and ethics. If your autonomical you allow your life to fill up with a poisonous gas that will kill you sooner rather than later. If you live religiously, you are allowing your life to be filled with sunshine. Religion gives us a solid idea of how the world came to be. God created the universe and created man to live on the earth until we all ascend to heaven. Autonomy as many different theories. The big bang theory or just something that appeared by chance. We have meaning and someone behind us who is willing to give us the most of this life. The world has to be balanced in order to function. Good and evil balance it out. God is good, He is here to guide us and lead us to the life after this. Evil is what tries to pull us back and create this idea that we are superior to everyone and everything else, which creates chaos. Pojman’s meaning to life is, â€Å" God loves and cares for us, so that we have a deeper motive for morally good actions, including high altruism. We live deeply moral lives, not out of fear of hell, but out of deep gratitude to One who loves us and whom we love†. I believe Pojman argues his conclusion very well. He uses scriptures to prove his point and he uses personal experiences that most people have experience as well. He compares religion and autonomy equally and knows what he is talking about. He knows how to describe each so that the reader can put themselves in that position. He is very detailed, yet to the point.

Global Warming and the Climate Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global Warming and the Climate Change - Essay Example Human activities have led to exacerbated changes in climate than natural forces. The contribution of natural forces to climate change remains insignificant in comparison to human activities. The cause and effect factor of global warming poses critical social, economic and environmental needs that have to be accounted for at all costs. The central point in this pursuit is industrialization process, which seems to take advanced and sophisticated positions every single day. Therefore, human activities have been and still are the driving force behind global warming (Maslin, 2007). Greenhouse effects are primarily held accountable for the persistent global warming. Greenhouse gases are said to play a major role in the ever-rising global atmospheric temperatures. The extent to which these gases cause global warming varies across global warming debates. For instance, the persistent rise in global temperatures is attributed to the depletion of the ozone layer. On the same note, there are arguments that what the globe is experiencing is a mere natural cycle of climate change (Handmer & Dovers, 2010). This means that the role played by greenhouse gases in the global context is limited, and thus climate change is a course of nature. Carbon dioxide has been named as the primary greenhouse gas that enormously contributed to the presently experienced persistent global warming. Scientists have differed in this debate, arguing for and against the link between carbon dioxide and global warming. Regions that have considerably low emission levels have been at least as worse off as the rest of the world, supporting the bid for debaters against linking carbon dioxide to global warming. This has further been advanced to the trade of emissions, although the world remains divided on the rationale behind the practice.

Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Journal - Assignment Example omic) and ethical (social)- create the transactions or flows which resolve market separations and result in exchange and consumption† (What is Marketing?). A skilled manpower has potential to raise the business in the market but if the skill is not sufficient to convince and persuade the customer’s need then the business finds it difficult to excel in the competitive market. With the advances in technology and development of communication skills, advertisements trends in markets are changing. The good marketing skill requires a deep understanding for the philosophy of the trend and also the customer’s requirement. Thus marketing concept encompasses the customer focused philosophy (What is marketing?). Futuristic view is the hallmark of the good marketing strategy. A successful business always gives a keen insight to the customer’s orientation and tries to cover long range of customers with deep and thorough understanding as well as anticipation of the requirements (What is marketing?). Advent of computerization and globalization in the marketing trends is changing the perspectives of the marketing. The world has come closer in terms of economics, availability of funds, availability of raw material and also the finished products along with the promotion of sales through advertising. This has raised the demands of the consumers and has given a new twist in the marketing strategies. The world markets are connected through internets and are updated about the latest trends (Has the Definition of Marketing Changed?). This has proved to provide both, positive and negative implications on the customers. Every business strive to provide helpful commodities to the customer, to prove its supremacy and dominance in the market they adopt different marketing strategies along with the price tags and various schemes and offers that were not prevalent in the past. Different companies endeavor different policies to retain their customers. This changing scenario is

Report for Potential Investor Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Report for Potential Investor - Assignment Example Financial Analysis The Company’s Financial Analysis is based on the last 5 year’s financial data as per London Stock Exchange Website (Source: Robert Wiseman Dairies Fundamentals). ... the raw milk and oil prices (Source: annual report 2011, pg 17, web version) For 2011, the Company has reported an operating margin of 4.1% (Source: annual report 2011, pg 11, web version) after adjusting for non recurring items like closure of Okehampton Dairy and Cupar Depot (Source: annual report 2011, pg 17, web version) Net Profit Margin : Calculated as the ratio of Net Profit or Profit after tax to Revenue NPM 2.96% 4.03% 0.78% 2.68% 3.99% The profit margin of the Company is quite volatile as seen from the 5 year data. The Company benefited from lower finance cost which declined from ?1.3m to ?1.0m (Annual Report 2011, Pg 17, Web Version) and lower effective tax rate, down to 20.9% from 27.3%(Annual Report 2011, Pg 17, Web Version) in 2011 but the gains on absolute basis were more than offset by reduction in operating profit. Return on Equity : Calculated as the ratio of Net Income to Shareholder’s equity RoE 16.73% 25.61% 4.89% 13.85% 17.28% Net Profit Margin 2.96% 4.03 % 0.78% 2.68% 3.99% Asset Turnover (Sales/Assets) 2.72x 2.69x 2.75x 2.46x 2.50x Financial Leverage (Asset/Equity) 2.08x 2.36x 2.28x 2.10x 1.73x The return on equity for a Company justifies the investment of shareholder’s funds in that firm. It should be higher than the cost of equity which implies the Company has been adding value to shareholders. A high RoE is desirable, it should be analyzed in its components based on Dupont’s formula (i.e ROE = Net Profit Margin * Asset Turnover * Financial Leverage) to assess impact of each of component on ROE. Based on this, volatility in net profit margin it seems has made ROE volatile with Company managed to improve its asset turnover (conversion of asset employed in sales) over

Microcosmos Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Microcosmos - Essay Example The orders which are presented in the Microcosm film encompasses dragonfly, grasshoppers, rhinoceros beetle, praying mantis, moth, cutworm, ant, dung beetles, wasps, sacred beetle, bee, climbing caterpillar, wriggler, swallow-tail butterfly, 3rd instar larvae hatching into butterfly, black ants, spiders in their spider web, cricket, pavement ant, ladybird with seven spots, great peacock moth and a mosquito. In addition, cabbage looper caterpillar is also depicted.The behaviors exhibited include geotropism which is seen in the growing plant tendrils. In addition, insect pollination is also exhibited. Also, a bee is portrayed sucking nectar from a full blown flower. In addition, black ants are seen feeding on excretion materials from the thrips. Also, lady birds are seen mating. Caterpillars are also seen depicting mimicry and camouflage to evade predators. In addition, the slug is seen gliding in a moist environment covered with green grass. Slugs are also seen mating. One of the most surprising bit about the film is the bit a caterpillar is seen breaking out of a cocoon and then feeding on it afterwards. Furthermore, the film shows a spider which abruptly pounces on a grasshopper and stops it from escaping by deploying its spider web to tie them up. It’s fascinating to observe how insects are trapped in a spider web and later fed on by the king spider. An additional intriguing observation is made on how preys are trapped then wrapped by a spider web to paralyse them to enhance the liberty of the king spider to feed on them.